Petain'a Brief History:
At the outbreak of World War I, Philippe Petain was quickly promoted to Brigadier General and given command of the 6th division. In 1916, he was ordered to stop the massive German attack on the city of Verdun. Petain reorganized the front lines and transport systems and was able to inspire his troops, turning a near-hopeless situation into a successful defence. He became a popular hero and replaced General Nivelle as commander-in-chief of the French army. Petain then successfully re-established discipline after a series of mutinies by explaining his intentions to the soldiers personally and improving their living conditions.
In 1934, Philippe Petain was appointed minister of war, and then secretary of state in the following year. In 1939, he was appointed as French ambassador to Spain. In May 1940, with France under attack from Germany, Petain was appointed vice premier. In June he asked for an armistice, upon which he was appointed chief of state, enjoying almost absolute powers. The armistice gave the Germans control over the north and west of France, including Paris, but left the remainder as a separate regime under Petain, with its capital at Vichy. Officially neutral, in practice the regime collaborated closely with Germany.
In December 1940, Philippe Petain dismissed his vice-premier, Pierre Laval, for his policy of close Franco-German collaboration. However, Laval’s successors were unacceptable to the Germans and Laval was restored. In November 1942, in response to allied landings in North Africa, the Germans invaded the unoccupied zone of France. Vichy France remained nominally in existence but Petain was nothing more than a figurehead. In the summer of 1944, after the allied landings in France, Pétain was taken to Germany. He returned to France after liberation, was brought to trial and condemned to death. This was immediately commuted to solitary confinement for life by De Gaulle. Petain was imprisoned on the Île d’Yeu off the Atlantic coast, where he died on July 23, 1951.